Documentation of Archaeological Excavation Sites with Terrestrial Laser Scanning and UAV Photogrammetry Methods
This study discusses the modeling processes with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and their performance in archaeological excavation sites. By analyzing and comparing the data obtained with both UAV and TLS, the study shows that both modeling methods are suitable for excavation site modeling and have different advantages. These results show that both methods have significant potential to facilitate and improve archaeological site planning and documentation.
Comparing Photogrammetry and Smartphone LIDAR for 3D Documentation: Kızılkoyun Necropolis Case Study
Archaeological remains and historical artifacts serve as essential records that illuminate a society's history, culture, and lifestyle. Vulnerable to damage from various factors, these artifacts pose challenges to sustainable preservation and hinder cultural and artistic comprehension. Documenting their present state and recording features become imperative to mitigate potential information loss. Photogrammetry, an image-based technique, emerges as a key method for three-dimensional documentation by merging two-dimensional images from different angles. This process utilizes cameras with diverse focal lengths and specialized software to generate 3D models from photograph surfaces. Additionally, LIDAR, employing short laser bursts and backscattering, proves invaluable for documentation. Its advantages, including high accuracy, dense point data, and rapid data collection, have been further extended with recent technological strides, allowing integration into smartphones. This study exemplifies the creation of a 3D point cloud of a relief sculpture in the Kızılkoyun Necropolis, achieved through the synergistic use of photogrammetry and a LIDAR sensor embedded in a smartphone.
Comprehensive Study on Enhanced Accuracy Analysis of LIDAR Data : The Example of Skopje
By harnessing LIDAR technology, a prominent remote sensing method widely employed today, we explore its efficacy as a rapid and dependable tool for data collection. We focus on generating a numerical terrain model by leveraging the CSF Filter algorithm within the accessible CloudCompare software to filter an urban LIDAR point cloud. This study involves meticulous manual intervention to eliminate noise points, followed by examining the creation of a numerical terrain model by varying cover values (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5) in the CSF Filter algorithm. Our investigation delves into calculating the volume disparity between a reference model meticulously crafted within a computer environment, integrating manual interventions, and models derived through the CSF Filter algorithm. This approach aims to identify the cover value that best approximates reality in filtering operations. The decryption of volume disparities between the computer-generated reference model and the CSF Filter algorithm sheds light on the most accurate filtering outcome. The results indicates that opting for a cover value of 5 yields the most significant divergence from the reference model, presenting a less accurate model. Conversely, selecting a cover value of 0.5 as input data offers the closest approximation to the truth. However, it remains evident that manual interventions are indispensable for refining filtering operations even in the most precise model derived from these investigations.
Performance of Affordable 2D Cave Scanning Technique from LiDAR for Constructing 3D Cave Models
This research presents a new approach to the cave 3D model construction by a combination of a cave two-dimensional profile scanning using a low-cost modified 2D LiDAR, and data processing via a computer-aided design (CAD) software. The proposed technique has been tested to create 3D models of three Permian limestone caves in northern Thailand, namely Chiang-Dao, Muang-On, and San-Han. The entire method takes 27-30 hours to achieve, covering approximately 614.59 meters of the total survey distance and generating an overall cave volume of 41,310.0 m3. The resulting 3D models ultimately resemble the shape, orientation, and dimension of the caves, exhibiting burrow-like, irregular-shaped, and some deformation-induced features. The proposed LiDAR scanning method appears to be relatively cheap and fast compared to other scanning methods as it has the working speed of 63.5 meters per hour costing less than $200 USD. These findings distinctly indicate that the developed data processing of cave scanning profiles using 2D LiDAR is affordable and meets the need for cave 3D modeling. However, there are minor limitations, including missing data among the scanned profiles and overlaps of cave features formed in the sidewalls. The cave models produced here can be used as reference sources for geoscientific research, geotourism, georesource management, and other research activities in caves. Further hardware and software development is strongly recommended to improve the existing methods.
Analysis of Gümüşhane-Trabzon Highway Slope Static and Dynamic Behavior Using Point Cloud Data
It is common knowledge that snowmelt, excessive precipitation, naturally occurring or man-made faulty applications, and static loading conditions can weaken slope stability, which can result in numerous fatalities and property damage. Then again, it is referred to that a few disastrous earthquakes, for example, 1999 Izmit (Mw=7.1), 2023 Pazarcık (Mw=7.7) and Elbistan (Mw=7.6) that happened because of the way that our country is situated in the earthquake belt trigger the slope stability. Within this scope, the mass moves that might happen on the slopes because of the earthquake might cause loss of life and property as well as prevention of road transport. In light of the earthquake, it is critical to guarantee that intercity highways will continue to be serviceable. In this paper, a 3D point cloud was made utilizing photogrammetrically high-resolution aerial photographs and a primer examination of a selected slope system was performed in the Zigana region of the Gümüşhane-Trabzon highway (the previous Zigana Tunnel 5 km). The noise of the point cloud made by utilizing morphological and statistical sorting filters is excluded. Within the relevant point cloud, a section was created from the 3D surface of a region. By using this section, slope stability analysis were implemented for static and dynamic loading situations of the slope by taking into account some foundation rock parameters that are thought to represent the region. In this study, the effect of earthquake induced dynamic analyses on stability were investigated comparatively. As a result of the selected parameters, it is observed that the road slopes that appear to be stable can become unstable especially with the earthquake effect.
The Use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technology in the Documentation of Cultural Heritage: The Case of Bezmialem Valide Sultan Fountain
In order to ensure that the structures are repaired again as a result of possible natural disasters and day-to-day wear and tear of historical structures, it is necessary to create 3 dimensional models. One of the methods used in the realization of this model is terrestrial laser scanning. As a result of scanning the historical structures in question in different sessions with the terrestrial laser scanning method, a point cloud is obtained and used in relay studies. The filtering process is performed first for the use of point clouds. The filtering process was carried out by removing the point data found in the environment during the scanning of the structure to be studied and which were considered noise in our study. In our study, CloudCompare software was used in order to turn the point clouds obtained as a result of different sessions and the filtering process completed into a single structure. In order to combine the point clouds, control points established before the scanning process started and natural points located on the structure were used.
Enhancing Ground Point Extraction in Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud Data Using the CSF Filter Algorithm
Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is a remote sensing method widely recognized for its efficiency in acquiring data quickly and delivering accurate results. To ensure the reliability of ALS data, effective decontamination is crucial. This study aims to enhance the data quality of three distinct LIDAR datasets representing urban, rural, and forest environments by applying the CSF Filter algorithm in the CloudCompare software, an open-source tool widely used in point cloud processing. The impact of various data characteristics and input parameters on the filtering results was assessed through a series of comprehensive tests. The results of our analysis revealed a notable relationship between the selected parameters and the quality of the filtered data. Specifically, when the cover value within the CSF Filter parameters was increased, a corresponding increase in data loss was observed, leading to significantly flawed outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully selecting and fine-tuning the input parameters to avoid undesirable consequences. The findings underscore the importance of combining automated filtering algorithms with manual cleaning to achieve high-quality and reliable point cloud data for various geospatial analyses and applications.
Comparison of CSF Ground Filtering Method by Using Airborne LiDAR Data
Airborne LiDAR System (ALS) is a common use of rapid data gathering technologies in a variety of fields, such as cultural heritage, Geography Information Systems (GIS), 3D city modeling, and the production of Digital Terrain Models (DTM). Geomatics experts must use Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to filter out the bare ground from point cloud data. So, the Cloth Simulation Filtering (CSF) ground filtering technique is discussed in this study. The ground and non-ground point clouds of the airborne LiDAR point cloud data were separated for assessment. All point cloud data must be compared for an accurate appraisal of filtering accuracy. However, the data is so massive; this seems implausible. Data manually identified as ground and non-ground were used as a reference to measure classification success adequately. Our findings show that the CSF approach's performance is sufficient but depends on the kind of point cloud, the slope, and the vegetation type.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Scanning with ViDoc Rtk Antenna: Ali Cafer Kümbeti
The first step in accurate and scientific documentation for the preservation of historical buildings is to measure them accurately with a minimum margin of error. Today, with the advancement of technology, laser scanning systems are widely used for this documentation process. With laser scanning, the dimensions, form and details of an architectural structure can be measured and recorded quickly and accurately. Laser scanning systems not only provide measurement data, but also allow the creation of three dimensional models of these data, providing speed and convenience in the production of project drawings. The data obtained also provides access to wide audiences through the digital archive method in order to protect the structures and transfer them to future generations. IOS mobile laser scanning, a laser scanning technology developed in recent years, has made it possible to perform laser scanning in the documentation of historical buildings using the cameras of IOS devices with Lidar feature. However, since these devices use their own location services, they cause shifts in the images obtained from the scans and make it difficult to place the scans in the coordinate system. Since the use of this method alone does not provide accurate measurement data and increases the margin of error, it requires additional software. In this study, scans performed using the IOS device with the ViDOC RTK (Real Time Kinematics) Antenna were evaluated. Within the scope of the study, the measurement stages of Ali Cafer Kumbet, one of the important components of our cultural heritage, which was scanned using the ViDOC RTK antenna on the IOS device, were examined; the purposes for which the obtained data can be used were determined and their advantages and disadvantages were evaluated.
Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Technology for Documentation of Cultural Heritage Buildings and Structures: A Case Study Sarı İsmail Sultan Tomb
One of the most fundamental duties in the management of cultural heritage artifacts in the field of conservation strategy is creating geometric documentation. For conservation or restoration work on historical objects and sites, 3D documentation is a requirement. At every stage of the conservation effort, the creation of particular documentation such as high-resolution 3D models is required. Türkiye is a very rich country in terms of historical artifacts. It is extremely important to document these artifacts in order to preserve them and transfer them to future generations. In documentation studies, the Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) method has started to be preferred with the developing and advancing technology. In this study, the usability of the data obtained by the TLS technique in the documentation of cultural heritage was investigated. The study area, Sarı İsmail Sultan Tomb, was scanned with a terrestrial laser scanner using the TLS technique, the scan data were combined in commercial software and a 3D model of the cultural heritage was created.
Analysis of 3D Laser Scanning Data of Farabi Mosque Using Various Softwaren
Three-dimensional laser scanners, which offer an alternative solution to traditional measurement methods, have enabled geomatics engineers to have much higher confidence in the accuracy of their measurements. When high-resolution data used in many different measurement applications, including 2D and 3D drawings, calculations such as area and volume calculations, and topographic measurements are evaluated, it is understood that the resolution and efficiency provided by traditional measurement methods are far inferior. Obtaining data about objects and gaining information about objects by evaluating this data in a computer environment, obtaining 3D images of objects one-to-one is an important issue today. As a result of the development of computer technology and laser scanning systems over time, Terresterial Laser Scanners (TLS) have rapidly begun to be used today. With the TLSs, the 3D geometric and visual information of objects can be obtained accurately, quickly, one-to-one and at low cost. In this study, the 3D model of the exterior of Farabi Mosque located on the Farabi campus of Bülent Ecevit University was obtained and evaluated in different softwares. After a successful merging of the data model, due to the limited functions of Faro Scene 2019 software, area calculation, mesh creation, and volume calculation operations were performed on the cloud data using Autodesk Recap 2020 V6.0, Gexcel Reconstructor 2020 V4.2.0, and Meshlab 2020.07 software, and operations were carried out on cloud data that looks close to reality.
3D Modeling of Mufti Abdullah Sıddık Mosque using Wearable Mobile LiDAR
Mobile LIDAR, which can be attached to any moving vehicle, started to be used after 2000. In recent years, Wearable Mobile LiDAR (WML), which can be carried by wearing it on a person, has started to be used. WML is used for mapping and 3D modeling of interior and narrow places that cannot be reached by any vehicle and only one person can enter. In this study, 3D model and orthophoto of Mufti Abdullah Sıddık Mosque located in Mersin University Çiftlikköy campus were produced. With WML, data were collected in a short time like 13 minutes in the field and the produced orthophoto and 3D models were produced within the error limit. When the system is used fast and based on Ground Control Points (GCP), it gives results within the error limits. This study demonstrates the usability of WML in structure modeling and mapping.
Creating Architectural Surveys of Traditional Buildings with the Help of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Method (TLS) and Orthophotos: Historical Diyarbakır Sur Mansion
Manual mapping or traditional methods of architectural documentation by an expert in historical buildings are today considered time-consuming and laborious procedures. In recent years, with the development of technology, the use of digital tools to support architectural documentation activities has provided more detailed results on architectural analysis and has simplified processes which were performed manually. The Historical Sur Mansion, located in the Diyarbakır urban protected area, which is the subject of the study, is a historical building that reflects the general characteristics of traditional houses in Diyarbakır, containing its own characteristics, formed by factors such as topography, materials, climate as well as cultural elements in the immediate environment. The building has been registered as a "monumental" structure to be protected by the Council of Europe's Natural and Cultural Heritage Conservation Inventory and the General Directorate of Turkish Cultural Heritage and Museums. The decorations and inscriptions on the iwans, window and door openings of the building are examples of Diyarbakır residential architecture. The aim of the study is to obtain the analytical surveys of the historical Sur Mansion, which is a great necessity for the sustainability of the cultural heritage in the region, by using orthophotos produced by various techniques from laser scanning as a base. Researches carried out on the studied area have shown that by using the orthophotos produced from the data obtained from terrestrial laser scanning as a base, data with sufficient level of detail needed in architectural documentation can be obtained today, and this method offers an economically effective and fast solution to produce analytical surveys.
Detection of Road Distress with Mobile Phone LiDAR Sensors
Comfort and safety on urban roads are two important and desirable factors in road transport networks. When it comes to providing road comfort, potholes, which emerge on the road surface for different reasons, are one of the problems that we do not want to encounter in our daily transportation. Although different techniques are already being applied to detect deformations on road surfaces, developments in measurement technologies gradually bring alternative techniques with them. The best example for this are the small size LiDAR sensors which have newly been added to mobile phones, and the subject of this study is whether they can be used in detecting such problems. The data collected from the field survey enabled a detailed examination of the road potholes with the proposed methodology based on region growing and plane fitting. According to the results, the 3D sensor technologies will take a new place in measurement technologies by providing high dense data and visualisations in small sized projects, thus facilitating instant decisions. In the study, potholes on the road surface were determined with 4 different data sets obtained in Denizli province Pamukkale district Karahayıt neighbourhood and detailed information about their characteristics was collected. As a result, with this study, the LiDAR sensor released to the market by Apple on iPhone 12 and following versions has developed an alternative measurement technique and methodology that can be used in the implementation of small-sized projects on road surfaces. It is clear that the use of mobile phone-based LiDAR sensors in road repair services has significant potential in the near future.
Analytical Documentation of Stone Material Deteriorations on Facades with Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetric Methods: Case Study of Şanlıurfa Kışla Mosque
Şanlıurfa Kışla Mosque, in its geographical context, is of great importance with its historical importance and architectural features as it reflects the tangible and intangible cultural heritage. However, it is seen that the structure is worn out due to various factors and is exposed to various material problems. In terms of the continuity of the cultural heritage, it is necessary to determine the material problems before the destruction of the building, to document it and to take precautions for protection. The aim of the study in this context is to detect and analytically document the material deterioration on the facades of Şanlıurfa Kışla Mosque. As a method in the study; observational detection and terrestrial laser scanning technique were used. The results of the study support the fact that the method used provides great savings in terms of time and effort in the production of architectural drawings and damage maps, which is the result obtained in many studies in the literature. In addition, as a result of the study, it was determined that the most common type of material deterioration in the building was surface pollution. In the geographical context determined by the study, it is expected to detect the dangers related to stone structures and to take measures to prevent the hazards related to the structures.
Detection of Informal Housing and Non-Complıance with Planning Regulations from Maps Produced by Mobile Lidar Technique
With the increasing population, cities are constantly changing and developing. Therefore, it is difficult to monitor and control rapid changes in cities. Therefore, planning is very important in terms of controlling these dynamic cities and ensuring regular and planned settlements. However, buildings may not always be built in accordance with the plan and may be built against the zoning law. These structures, which are built against the plan, can distort the city's silhouette, cause unplanned construction and restrict people's access to some services. It is also important that the building detection process, which is needed in many areas from population movements to city development, from illegal building surveillance to casting extraction, is accurate and automatic. With the development of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), new methods have been used to detect such structures. One of these methods used is the detection of these structures with high resolution data. In this research, the building detection by using point clouds data obtained from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system with satellite images.
Deviation Analysis of Historical Building Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data and 3D Mesh Model
The use of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) technologies in cultural heritage studies has become more common day by day. In addition to documenting a historical building with high accuracy, TLS technologies can obtain detailed data about the structure being studied by analyzing point cloud. Laser scanning data is seen as a non-contact and effective analysis method in determining the formal deformations that occur due to various reasons, especially in historical buildings. With this method, it is possible to determine how much the object deviates from a reference 3D model or plane and with this analysis, deformation maps can be prepared. With the help of these maps, intervention decisions can be made. Within the scope of the article, laser scanning data of Selime Sultan Tomb located in Güzelyurt Selime Town in Türkiye, one of the important settlements of Cappadocia, were acquired. By comparing the 3D mesh model prepared with base on point data, the morphological differences and deviations of the tomb were determined and mapped.
The Feature Extraction from Point Clouds using Geometric Features and RANSAC Algorithm
The feature extraction of point clouds is essential for geomatics engineering as well as other engineering and architectural applications. Furthermore, with the recent entrance of digital twins, virtual reality, 3D city modeling, reverse engineering, and metaverse into human existence, 3D models, which are currently used in numerous technical sectors, have become increasingly important. As a result, the 3D model generating methods become more important. One of the most prevalent methodologies used by scientists is range-based modeling (e.g., laser scanning). Additionally, before being visualized or analyzed for 3D surfaces, 3D model acquisition (Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) or structure-from-motion (SfM)) and 2D imaging approaches are commonly converted into models such as 3D mesh and parameter surface. This study analyzed 3D point cloud data obtained with terrestrial laser scanners. Also, many approaches to model extraction have been tried to obtain 3D models, planes, corner points, and lines by using various 3D surface analyses and Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) Algorithm.
Availability of Iphone 13 Pro Laser Data in 3D Modeling
Today, photography and, accordingly, photogrammetry approach are used extensively in the documentation of cultural assets and the creation of three-dimensional models. Many advantages such as speed, accuracy and digital processing provided by photogrammetry have been effective in this widespread use. With the developing technologies, the reduction of sensor sizes has opened new doors in digital data production. As of 2020, it has been possible to integrate laser scanning sensors into mobile devices. For the first time, with the iPad Pro and iPhone 12 Pro devices, Apple started to use the built-in LiDAR sensors in its non professional devices as well as the digital camera. This situation has opened up new opportunities in the documentation of cultural heritage. In this study, three-dimensional models of the historical Aslanlı fountain in İçkale of the Centre Sur district of Diyarbakır province were produced using both photograph and laser data of iPhone 13 Pro and the results of the two data were compared.
Evaluation of Machine Learning Classifiers for 3D Mobile LiDAR Point Cloud Classification Using Different Neighborhood Search Methods
Mobile LiDAR systems are distinguished with large and highly accurate point clouds data acquisition for road environments. Road features extraction is becoming one of the most important applications of LiDAR point cloud, and is used largely in road maintenance and autonomous driving vehicles. The main step in Mobile LiDAR processing is point classification This classification relies on the geometric definition of the points and their surroundings, as well as the classification methods used. The neighbors of each point is helpful to find more meaningful information than the raw coordinates. On the other hand, machine learning algorithms have proved their efficiency in LiDAR point cloud classification. This research compares results of using three machine learning classifiers, namely Random Forest, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, and Quadratic Discriminate Analysis along with using three neighborhood search methods, namely k nearest neighbors, spherical and cylindrical. A part of the pre-labelled benchmark dataset (Paris Lille 3D) with about 98 million points was tested. Results showed that the using Random Forest classifer with the cylindirical neighborhood search method acheived the highest overall accuracy of 92.39%.
Terrestrial Laser Scanning with Potentials and Limitations for Archaeological Documentation: a Case Study of the Çatalhöyük
The evolution of digital technologies has impacted the documentation of cultural heritage. One of the steps that have passed considerable change is maybe the stage of data collection field. Today many different technological tools may be found at affordable prices. The suitable method for cultural heritage documentation should be chosen considering the needs of research, analysis and conservation. There is no definite way in order to determine which survey technique is the most suitable one in any situation. Digital photogrammetry, total station, GPS, texture mapping, laser scanning techniques are mostly preferable when high accuracy needed and can be supported by traditional tools like rectified photographs and stereophotogrammetry. In recent years, laser scanning shows great versatility for capturing any type of shape and speed of data acquisition. However in some cases, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) can have some limitations. In this study, Çatalhöyük archaeological area was documented with TLS and experiences were shared as potentials and limitations of TLS for archaeological documentation.
Lidar to HBIM for Analysis of Historical Buildings
The design, documentation and construction processes in Architecture, Engineering and Construction industries (AEC) have been undergoing major changes in recent years with Building Information Modeling (BIM). The use of BIM together with 3D laser scanning (LIDAR) technologies has brought great innovations by going beyond traditional methods in studies carried out in historical environments. With the developed of used technologies together with Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM), efforts documentation and rehabilitation of historical buildings have rapidly increased in the last ten years, especially in European countries. This article provides a framework for the implementation of LIDAR to HBIM related to heritage buildings in Turkey. An approach is carried out a process that is a workflow from document historic structures with 3D laser scanning and subsequently generation of a HBIM model. The process of producing an different detailed of HBIM models for provide the documentation and restoration needs of historical buildings from point clouds and processed point clouds for using different platforms was carried out as a case study.
Documentation Methods from Tradition to the Present: Case Study Cappadocia
In addition to its natural geomorphological formations, Cappadocia is one of the rare regions of our country that is worth visiting with its unique topography and the traces of the different civilizations that lived here. The influence of geography on nature and people in the historical development process can be traced through the craftsmanship of tufa and rock as building materials by the various cultures and settlements founded and developed in Cappadocia Region. In early Christianity, the Byzantine Period, and the Middle Ages, the cultures of the region built underground cities, religious buildings, monasteries and churches, residences and farms, workshops, necropolises, and rock tombs. When Cappadocia is mentioned today, the first thing that comes to mind is rock architecture in this form. It is not easy to obtain realistic data by measuring these spaces, which are usually carved into a monolithic mass of rock, using traditional methods, which is a prerequisite for preserving this type of rock architecture that has become an essential part of our Cultural heritage. However, software developed in digital environments with evolving technology saves time and money regarding accuracy and realism. It offers researchers practical advantages in terms of usability, archiving, and rapid remote access to data. The photogrammetry-based Agisoft -Metashape program described here provides a foundation for future studies or applications by combining data obtained by laser scanning on the same platform with interior and exterior measurements of the building and its surroundings, making the necessary preparations for analytical surveying, and archiving them on platforms with multiple access.
Survey Process of Gesi Pigeonry with Ground Laser by (Point Cloud) Scanning Method
The pigeons, which are accepted as the symbol of peace and love, are one of the first domesticated birds by people. Pigeons have been bred up for 6000 years since they are used in postal services, feeding as a hobby, benefiting from meat, manure, and egg for different purposes. There are special pigeon nests made for pigeons in the world. The nests in the Kayseri Gesi Region, which are described as a dovecote, are special structures that are unique in the world and are designed to obtain the pigeon manure used in agriculture. The unique feature of the gothic cavern is that the main nest is made of carved chambers under the ground and on the ground a dovetail chimney, a dovecote or a dovecote tower. As it is seen in this study which is related to dovecotes, it has the function, form, and organization of each other with its unique local artifacts. However, in the globalizing world, the necessity of adding the original identity of the dovecotes to the world cultural heritage is determined. Preserving cultural heritage is an imperative task for all civilizations in the world. In order to keep the traces of civilizations alive, it is extremely necessary to transfer historical and cultural artifacts from generation to generation. Terrestrial laser scanning method has become the reason of choice for many disciplines with its potential to obtain cost-effective, high-accuracy data in a short time. Laser scanners, which ensure that architectural documentation works are carried out in a healthy way and in accordance with the determined standards, have become preferred by users in our country and in the world. Different from traditional methods, terrestrial laser scanning method was preferred for the preparation of survey projects of Gesi dovecotes. Terrestrial scanning device has replaced traditional measurement methods with the rapidly developing technology. The laser scanning method has advantages over traditional methods in terms of speed, workflow and workforce. Using a laser scanner for accurate measurement allows accurate preparation of survey projects. By using local laser scanning technologies, thousands of points reflecting the object or object surface are obtained. With the help of these points, realistic 3D models are obtained. According to the models created, area, volume and surface dimensions can be reached according to the size information of the object or structure. 3D point cloud data about the plan scheme, sections and facades of Gesi dovecotes, which are of historical importance, were obtained by using Faro Focus 3d laser scanning device.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using TLS Techniques in Monumental Buildings; Darsiyak Yanartaş Monastery Archangel Michael and Gabriel Church Example
Monumental buildings are considered as a building group that includes many different types of buildings, such as mosques, churches, madrasas, caravanserais, inns, and baths, built for public use. Each of these buildings has spatial characteristics that vary according to the type of building, periodical differences and regional character. However, it is seen that the majority of these buildings have a plan setup consisting of small spaces that are articulated to a large and central space. Among the monumental buildings, one of the building types that show this central place feature is the churches. While the use of terrestrial laser scanning method in the measurements of churches with central space provides many advantages, it also causes some disadvantages. In this study, measurements of the Yanartaş Monastery Archangel Michael and Gabriel Church, one of the 19th century Kayseri churches, was made with a terrestrial laser scanning system for documentation studies and the advantages and disadvantages of this measurement system were conveyed.