Vulnerability indices of A GLOF-prone community: A case study of Sosot Village, Ghizar District, Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan
One of the major impacts of global climate change, GLOF (Glacial Lake outburst flood) has increased in frequency throughout the world due to rise in temperature. Pakistan has also seen this upswing of GLOF in Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya region increasing the human and environment susceptibility in affected area. Sosot, a village which has faced some devastating GLOF events in the past, is taken as a case in this study. In 2012, the GLOF event took place which caused monetary damage of around 100 million Pakistan rupees. The detailed analysis shows that high temperature was the most important GLOF triggering factor. At present, despite some social cohesion and education, this progress-oriented community is unable to strengthen economically. The GLOF proneness and recurrence causes loss of infrastructure, livestock, and agriculture. The vulnerability of the village to GLOF is estimated using Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) based on four components as social component, economic component, environmental and physical factors. The social vulnerability has come out to be 0.506, economic vulnerability is 0.949, environmental vulnerability is 0.613 and the physical vulnerability is 1. The total vulnerability of Sosot village is calculated to be 0.767 which indicates that this village is highly vulnerable to GLOF events. All the components are playing an important role in increasing the vulnerability, but the most important components are economic and physical which are making the village highly vulnerable to GLOF event. Therefore, there is a dire need for suggested structural and non-structural measures to be taken for this community to decrease vulnerability to GLOF.
Copyright (c) 2024 Engineering Applications
Software engineering methodologies in programming companies in Albania
Single software development is a systematic engineering process that requires the selection and application of appropriate software development methodologies to ensure project success. Software Engineering (SE) necessitates a set of principles and tools to facilitate the production of high-quality software products. With the continuous evolution of information technologies and software engineering, the development and application methodologies for the Albanian market have also advanced. Our company places significant emphasis on investing in people, infrastructure, methodologies, and modern tools. In recent years, there has been a notable trend toward the adoption of agile methodologies, resulting in a surge in its utilization compared to traditional approaches. This study aims to examine the existing methodologies employed by software companies in Albania and assess their readiness for transitioning to agile methodologies.
Chemical profile of wild salvia officinalis population from Kosovo by using CO2 supercritical extraction
This study shows chemical profile of Salvia officinalis L. plants by using CO2 supercritical extraction method. Samples of sage plants were selected by natural population of Gjilan, Kosovo. Sage samples were obtained in August 2022. The dried and ground plants were subjected of CO2 supercritical extraction techniques in a modified Clevenger apparatus, to obtain the essential oil of Salvia officinalis plants. Chemical profiles for all sage samples were performed using the GC/FID technique. Capillary column VF-1ms (30 m x 0.33 mm x 0.25 um) was used for the separation and isolation of compounds found in sage plants. In the analyzed chromatograms from sage samples, 30-45 compounds were identified. In the study, the 20 main compounds that make up over 90% of the total identified compounds were considered. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of monoterpenes because of higher values for alpha + beta-Thujones and Camphor. Sesquiterpenes were the second group while bicyclic monoterpenes were third group of terpenes. Percentages of monocyclic, aliphatic and aromatic monoterpenes were found in non-considerable level. Chemical profile of Salvia officinalis plants from Kosovo was the same with other reported studies from Balkan and Mediterranean area.
Health risks from air pollution from vehicles in the city of Tirana
Air pollution from vehicles in the city of Tirana has become a worrying problem for the health of the residents. In this regard, the challenge for human health remains the improvement of air quality. For this purpose, in the beginning the main elements of air pollution and their sources were treated. Then the effects of the main pollutants on human health were treated, where the most dangerous for the city of Tirana are particles matter, nitrogen oxides and ozone. Then the measurement of pollution for the main pollutants and the ways of determining the air quality were treated, continuing with the assessment of the health risks coming from the main pollutants, where according to the WHO, premature deaths, lost years of life and morbidity are used. In 2020 for Albania, we had 3600 premature deaths from particles matter, 330 from nitrogen dioxide and 310 from ozone. While the lost years of life per 100,000 inhabitants were 1296 for particles, 116 for nitrogen dioxide and 115 for ozone. At the end, discussions on the ways to reduce the health risks associated with the reduction of air pollution from vehicles, are given, by strengthening the technical control of vehicles and the use of efficient methods of cleaning the fuel system and the use of biodiesel and alternative fuels.
The role of algebra and its application in modern sciences
This work deals with the emergence of Algebra and its applications in technical and engineering problems. Algebra becomes important in school when we learn to work with variables, expressions and equations. At first glance, it seems that these are abstract concepts that we will never need in real life. However, in practice, we constantly encounter situations where it is necessary to apply knowledge of algebra to solve problems and make important decisions. One example of algebra being used in everyday life is financial planning. When creating a budget, calculating interest on a loan, or calculating investments, we use algebra to determine optimal strategies and predict future outcomes. Algebra also allows us to solve complex problems related to planning trips or purchasing goods, taking into account our financial capabilities. n addition, algebra has its applications in science and technology. It is the basis for developing algorithms, programming and working with large volumes of data. Thanks to algebra, computers, smartphones, the Internet, and many other technological achievements were created that have become an integral part of our lives.
Training of information technology personnel through simulations for protection against cyber attacks
Nowadays, the development of information technology, robotics and artificial intelligence, has brought radical changes in every aspect of people's lives and this has made our lives have a lot of access to contemporary information and technology. These technological developments in many areas of business and telecommunications, in addition to their benefits, have also increased the risks. Users should be very careful when using social networks, various applications and navigating the Internet world because the risk of cyber-attacks by irresponsible persons with malicious intentions is very frequent. So, web applications make it possible for website visitors to record data or access data through the browser, where all this data is stored in the website's database, which is often the target of cyber-attacks where the attacker has read access, attempts to modify and delete data from the database. This paper aims to provide the necessary information about attacks and cyber hygiene, where we will recommend the review and analysis of these attacks using tools from the MetaSploit library which is a framework that makes hacking easier and is also a tool essential for many attackers and defenders. So MetaSploit helps developers and web administrators from this library to keep up with the times and take preventive measures against the tricks of irresponsible people.
Revolutionizing engineering education: Leveraging LabVIEW virtual instrumentation in electrical machines real-time control for distance learning
The rapid developments of science and technology of the last decade have given a fundamental change to the way of conceiving and solving problems in every field of science and in particular in engineering disciplines. Nowadays, Virtual Instruments are becoming an important part of solving engineering problems in particular in the area of Automatic Control of Industrial Processes and Education. Due to the continuously increasing performance and flexibility of PC combined with their cost reduction, virtual instruments are successfully concurring the traditional instruments. In this work, we have created a closed-loop control system for testing the PID controller for a DC motor using the HIL technique and Ziegler-Nichols tuning rule for education purposes.
IP/Resistivity methods for Pb-Zn deposit exploration: A case study in Sudöşeği, (Simav-Kütahya, Türkiye)
Studying Pb-Zn deposits is highly significant in meeting the global demand for lead and zinc, which are essential elements used in various industries such as battery production and construction. The Sudöşeği region in Simav-Kütahya holds significant potential for the occurrence of lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) mineral deposits. This study employs induced polarization (IP) and resistivity techniques to examine subsurface geological formations and evaluate the probability of a Pb-Zn deposit. Geophysical methods offer valuable insights into variations in electrical conductivity and chargeability, assisting in the identification of minerals. The study identified strong correlations between IP and resistivity patterns and well-established geological features, confirming the efficacy of this integrated approach in mineral exploration. The L 100, L 300, and L 500 profiles exhibited rechargeability values, which suggest the possibility of mineralization. The L 100 profile and L 500 profile exhibited significant potential owing to their exceptional rechargeability values. This case study highlights the significance of IP (Induced Polarization) and resistivity methods in the identification of Pb-Zn (lead-zinc) deposits and the improvement of resource evaluation and extraction strategies.
Enhancing wireless subscriber performance through AODV routing protocol in simulated mobile Ad-hoc networks
The investigation of impromptu network routing algorithms has been a focal point in exploration of networks associated with Ad-Hoc systems. This study uses the OPNET simulation tool to classify and assess Ad-Hoc networking routing approaches in order to deal with multiple obstacles pertaining to the networking guidelines, which include inadequate adaptation with an elevated management complexity. In particular, the effectiveness of two routing protocols such as the table-driven and the on-demand is being evaluated. The leading on-demand routing protocols are DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), whereas the majority of prevalent table-driven routing protocol is DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector). These three protocols' capabilities are emulated under conditions of distinctive packet transmission proportions, typical end-to-end interruptions, and routing demands. Based on a constant bitrate source traffic framework, the results of simulations take place across multiple movement speeds (0–25 m/s). Findings within a distributed system featuring 20 arbitrarily positioned terminals demonstrate the use of the on-demand routing system functions optimum in a high-mobility condition.
Inter-satellite optical wireless communication (Is-OWC) trends: a review, challenges and opportunities
Satellite communication has been achieving high-speed transmission for over 50 years. However, alongside these advancements, other IT and telecommunications systems have also improved their performance. As a result, these significant gains are less apparent to the public compared to if this surge in performance had occurred in isolation. Satellite communications serve various purposes, including civilian and military surveillance, telecommunications, object tracking, and space exploration missions. Bulk production of small satellites in clusters can prove beneficial for activities such as wildfire monitoring, research missions, gravity mapping, and water-based investigations due to their size, capacity, and durability limitations. Additionally, communications satellites, enabled by multi-satellite systems, can help study the near-earth environment and facilitate more efficient and cost-effective space exploration. Inter-satellite links have recently gained considerable attention due to their advantages over conventional microwave links in satellite communications. These advantages include the utilization of underutilized and unregulated spectrum availability, large channel bandwidth, lightweight equipment, reduced power and mass requirements, secure transmission, high-speed long-reach links, and cost-effectiveness. After providing a background on satellite communication, we present a brief overview of Inter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication (Is-OWC) satellite communication systems for various applications. Furthermore, an important aspect in determining satellite applications is the allocation of satellites utilizing Is-OWC links in different orbits. We also explore and compare different orbits based on various aspects. The study highlights the significance of employing advanced modulation techniques to improve the satellite field and achieve higher performance. Additionally, the research explains the importance of utilizing the Ka-band and addresses limitations associated with Is-OWC, such as the Doppler impact, pointing errors between satellites, tracking, and different sources of noise. It emphasizes that Is-OWC links are crucial for providing global coverage for communication purposes.
Empowering remote education: Harnessing LabVIEW software to create an immersive virtual electrical measurement bridge for distance learning
Nowadays, Virtual Instruments are becoming an important part of solving engineering problems in particular in the area of Automatic Control of Industrial Processes and Education. Due to the continuously increasing performance and flexibility of PC combined with their cost reduction, virtual instruments are successfully concurring the traditional instruments. During the pandemic, covid-19 as a result of adapting the emergent solution in education students and teachers should work from home. Except for lessons and seminars, doing laboratory work faced difficulties to be performed because students should be in the laboratory, which was not possible. In this work we have built a virtual instrument for electrical resistance measurement which imitates in detail the Wheatstone Bridge in our Electrical Measurement Laboratory and tested remotely to measure resistance by interacting with a virtual instrument like with the real instrument.
Copyright (c) 2023 Engineering Applications
Approximate solutions of the Helmholtz equation on the plane
The study delves into the persistent analysis and reliability assessment of the solution to the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation, within a defined area, using the known values on a smooth portion of the area's boundary as a reference. This analyzed situation belongs to those found within mathematical physics where the detected solutions fail to show consistent reliance on the initial data. Emphasizing real world applications, it's not only finding an approximate solution that matters, but also identifying its derivative. Presuming a solution is available and constantly differentiable within a close range, precise Cauchy data is considered. An explicit formula to expand both the solution and its derivative has been established, along with a regularization formula for instances where, under given conditions, ongoing approximations of initial Cauchy data with a defined error limit in the uniform metric are offered rather than the original data. Evaluations that assure the stability of the classical Cauchy problem solution have been provided.
History of ill-posed problems and their application to solve various mathematical problems
This study aims to provide an understanding of well-posed and incorrectly-posed problems, as well as the developed methods for solving incorrectly-posed applied problems in mathematics. The history and significance of incorrectly-posed problems in solving various applied problems in the natural sciences are explored in detail. The study of methods for solving ill-posed problems has garnered significant interest among researchers, who are actively conducting research in this field. The theory of incorrectly-posed problems is a rapidly developing area in mathematical physics and natural sciences.In the practical realm, most problems are ill-posed, requiring decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, overdetermination, or inconsistency. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that solving incorrectly-posed problems cannot be accomplished solely by learning from well-posed problems.
Possibility of protection against unauthorized interference in telecommunication systems
Historically, the concept of ownership has dictated that individuals and groups tend to protect valuable resources. Regardless of how much protection is given to the property, there is always a weak point, where the security provided can fail at certain points. This general notion has guided the concept of systems security and defined the disciplines in cyber security and especially that of computer networks. Computer network security consists of three principles: prevention, detection and response. Although these three are the basic components of security, the main focus is on detection and prevention resources because if we are able to detect and prevent all security threats, then there is no need for reaction and response. Intrusion detection is a technique of detecting unauthorized access to a computer system or a computer network. An intrusion into a system is an attempt by an outsider to gain illegal access to the system. Intrusion prevention, on the other hand, is the art of preventing unauthorized access to a system's resources. The two processes are related in a sense, where intrusion detection passively watches for intrusions into the system, and intrusion prevention actively filters network traffic to prevent intrusion attempts. In the continuation of the treatment, we will focus on these two processes.
The impact of land use and slope change in flow coefficient estimation
The prediction of floods, which are widely recognized as one of the most devastating hazards on our planet, poses significant challenges primarily stemming from the absence of a dependable forecasting model. Following seismic events, floods rank as the costliest natural calamity in Turkey. The mitigation of existing challenges can be significantly enhanced through the utilization of flow coefficient calculations, which serve as the foremost determinant of flood flow dynamics. The extant body of literature encompasses a diverse range of methodologies for modelling flow coefficients. However, the majority of these methods depend on black-box techniques that lack transferability. The selection of the fuzzy SMRGT Method for this investigation was based on its consideration of the underlying physics of the event, making it a novel approach. The land use and slope data of the Aksu river basin were utilized. The outcomes generated by the model were compared to the empirical data. The evaluation of the model's performance encompassed various metrics, such as root mean square error, mean absolute error, mean absolute relative error, and coefficient of determination. The findings indicated that the fuzzy inference system that was proposed exhibited a high level of predictive accuracy, as evidenced by an overall coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.998.
Methods and software for estimation of total electron content in ionosphere using GNSS observations
Methods and algorithms for determining the total electron content in the ionosphere by signals of global navigation satellite systems are investigated. An algorithm for calculating and visualizing vertical total electron content over the territory of the Republic of Belarus and neighboring states is developed, taking into account correction of phase ambiguity due to «cycle slip» and estimation of differential code biases. Software for processing radio-tomographic data for high-orbit ionosphere control is created. It includes tools for calculating the total electron content from the signals of the GPS satellites, tools for eliminating cycle slip, tools for calculating differential code biases, tools for calculating vertical total electron content over the territory of the Republic of Belarus and neighboring states. The software is written in the Python programming language version 3.10, using third-party cross-platform free libraries. The performance of the presented methods and algorithms is demonstrated by examples.
How secure is our medical data? Is Albania ready for the digitalization of the health care system?
Managing safety in the health system is important as connections between external clients of hospital systems need to be carefully managed. It is often thought that public health institutions do not need structured information security, as they are not part of a competitive environment and tend to have more simplified IT infrastructure, as most information systems are for internal use and therefore, they are less exposed to external threats. However, this is no longer true. Public health institutions have very sensitive information, they also store confidential information about individuals, thus making them possible targets for many hackers. This paper aims to study information security in detail by analyzing information security practices in hospitals. Managing safety in the health system is important because the health system through the systems it uses and the services it provides has the personal data of the entire population of a country. It is therefore very important that connections between external clients of health systems are carefully managed. As this information stored in these systems can cause image damage to certain individuals, but can also interfere with changing dates, causing damage to people's lives. This information is very sensitive for some people and their security is primary.
Precise point positioning technique with single frequency raw GNSS observations using CNES and MADOCA real-time products on android smartphones
In this study, positioning performance was evaluated by making single-frequency GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observations under real-time conditions with a smartphone. In experiments, GNSS observations were recorded with the Xiaomi Redmi Note 8 Pro via the Geo++ RINEX Logger application. Measurements were made with the geodetic-grade CHC I80 GNSS receiver to evaluate the performance of the smartphone. In addition to the collected raw observation data set, solutions were realized with the Near-Real-Time Precise Point Positioning (N-RT-PPP) technique by using satellite orbit and clock correction products produced under real-time conditions from the CNES (National Centre for Space Studies) and MADOCA (Multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration tool for Orbit and Clock Analysis) archives. When all the observations with the epoch difference are examined, it is observed that the root mean square error (RMSE) values of the GPS/GLONASS observations give better results than the only-GPS solutions. In addition, in the epoch differenced time series produced from the smartphone, an improvement between 92% and 98% was observed for the part below 1 cm horizontally and 2 cm vertically after the convergence.
Forecasting through neural networks: Bitcoin price prediction
This paper concerns the problem of daily Bitcoin price prediction, aiming to find the best predictive model among the linear and nonlinear forecasting models. Finding the most accurate forecasting model would help investors take important decisions about taking the next step when investing. We compare the forecasting performance of linear and nonlinear forecasting models using daily Bitcoin price data for the period between 31 December 2017 until 24 November 2021. We discuss various forecasting approaches, including an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, a Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network (NARNN) model, a TBATS model and Exponential Smoothing on the data collected from 31 December 2017 to 24 November 2021 and compared their accuracy using the data collected from 01 June 2021 to 09 June 2021, choosing the model with the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value. The chosen model has been used for daily Bitcoin price forecasting for the next 60 days without any additional intervention. The forecasting model can be applied to other cryptocurrencies available on the global cryptocurrency market cap.
Influence of the instability form on the traffic safety indicator of freight rolling stock
Knowledge of the laws of train movement under various control modes is necessary when programming the equations of train movement when it is necessary to determine the exact position of the train on the railway track and the stability of the wagons at the time of interest. In this regard, one of the main areas of research is the analysis of ensuring the safety of cargo transportation, as well as the stability of wheels from derailment influenced by the longitudinal forces and the form of loss of stability of freight wagons in the train. When considering the stability of a freight car as a rod system, the problem of instability of the I kind (Eulerian instability) was solved, and the efforts and displacements in the compressed-bent rods were determined using the deformation (displacement) method. As a result of theoretical studies, the values of the factor of stability against lift by longitudinal forces were obtained, taking into account the forms of instability. The relevance of this study relates to the need to control the longitudinal forces arising during the train movement, taking into account the increase in speeds, masses, and lengths of trains (especially freight trains) and the locomotive power increase.
Hand gesture and voice-controlled mouse for physically challenged using computer vision
A Human-Computer Interface (HCI) is presented in this paper to allow users to control the mouse cursor with hand gestures and voice commands. The system uses computer vision Efficient Net B4 architecture with no code ml to identify different hand gestures and map them to corresponding cursor movements. The objective is to create a more efficient and intuitive way of interacting with the system. The primary purpose is to provide a reliable and cost-effective alternative to existing mouse control systems, allowing users to control the mouse cursor with hand gestures and voice commands. The system is designed to be both intuitive and user-friendly, with a simple setup process. The highly configurable system allows users to customize how it works to suit their needs best. The system's performance is evaluated through several experiments, which demonstrate that the hand gesture-based mouse control system can accurately 100% and reliably move the mouse cursor. Overall, this system can potentially improve the quality of life and increase the independence of individuals with physical disabilities.
The trend of use of ICT among households and individuals in Albania
The aim of this article is to analyze the use of Internet and its trends among the population of Albania. Since 2018 the country is implementing a harmonized survey with Eu Member States in which several information and communication indicators are produced. These indicators are in line with international recommendation and are standardized in all Member States. This way the results are comparable and make possible the comparison of Albania results with other countries in the world. Using the results of this survey this article aims to comprehend how Albania is placed in relation to other countries in the Western Balkan and EU average. The data are used from a secondary data analysis through administrative data source from national statistics of Albania and Eurostat. Moreover, this article explores the profile of ICT users, such as age and gender, familiarity with the use of ICT and how Albania is placed in comparison with other countries in the region. Such analysis is important and useful in an area where ICT is becoming a substantial part of everyone in our everyday life. As a result, data show that the access of Internet among Albania population is quite high. However, the use of personal computers is still low in the country compare to other Western Balkan countries and EU average. The use of Internet is higher among younger population compared to the older one. However, the growth rate of Internet use is higher in older age compared to the other age groups, implying that Internet is becoming available to everyone. On the other hand, even if the older age group are using more and more Internet, still the use of public government services is quite low for this age group. In a period where 95% of public services are being provided online this means that this age group is becoming vulnerable and dependable to other groups.
On the formulation of the Cauchy problem for matrix factorizations of the Helmholtz equation
In this paper, we are talking about the formulation of the Cauchy problem for matrix factorizations of the Helmholtz equation in two-dimensional and three-dimensional bounded domains. Preliminary information and formulation of the Cauchy problem are given. The corresponding examples characterizing the matrix factorization of the Helmholtz equation are constructed. On the basis of the constructed Carleman function, a regularized solution of the Cauchy problem for the matrix factorization of the Helmholtz equation on the plane in three-dimensional bounded domains is constructed in an explicit form.
Fundamental solution for the Helmholtz equation
This paper deals with the construction of a family of fundamental solutions of the Helmholtz equation, parameterized by an entire function with certain properties. Functions that possess these properties are called the Carleman function. On the basis of the proved lemmas for the Helmholtz equation in two-dimensional and three-dimensional bounded domains, in what follows we will find a regularized solution of the Cauchy problem already for a multidimensional domain.
Identification and classification of fruits through robotic system by using artificial intelligence
The purpose of this research paper is to facilitate the work of industries that deal with the classification of different types of products, specifically in our case from the fruit and vegetable industry using Artificial Intelligence. The most important part of this work was the processing of images for fruit identification. For the classification to be as accurate as possible, it was necessary to use more samples of different types of fruits. To achieve the desired results, a total of 350 samples were needed, where to reach the number of these samples we photographed several types of fruits at different angles. Using the Python programming language, which has many libraries that are open sources and can be advanced by various professionals in the field of programming, facilitates image processing. For this purpose, the OpenCV library was used to generate photos so that fruits can be identified more easily. TensorFlow is used as a platform to teach machines to adapt our samples to the language that the robotic system understands.
Collective assessments of active traffic management strategies in an extensive microsimulation testbed
Regarding the daily congestions on the transportation networks, fresh Active Traffic Management (ATM) policies (including an innovative combination of existing ones) could be considered a potential and affordable solution to improve traffic network performance. Any fresh idea needs to be carefully evaluated before real-world deployment to avoid potential risks on the budget and time. And microsimulation approaches have been considered a custom and dependable method for evaluating traffic improvement scenarios in recent decades. Considering available tools in traffic microsimulation software, developing a large-scale well-calibrated model complying with real-world circumstances to some acceptable levels could be challenging and time-consuming, requiring taking some initiatives. This study includes the development of a 34 miles roadway network consisting of 41 signalized intersections in VISSIM software, probing to well-fitting ATM policies and potential combinations of them, and evaluating their deployment through VSSIM's COM interface.
Integration in internet of things of electric vehicle charging infrastructure
All across the world, the electrification of road vehicles is growing quickly. With electric vehicle sales shooting up, there is a greater need to develop a robust charging infrastructure. More than just installing charging points, the bigger challenge lies in managing a large fleet of devices dispersed across geographic locations. There are challenges in developing the electric vehicle ecosystem, including infrastructure management, addressing customer experience, profitability, maintenance, monitoring, energy management, and ultimately, how to create a universal ecosystem that works for everyone. Internet of Things technology is a promising player in bringing it all together. In this paper, through a specific case study, is pointed out the importance of IoT integration in the electric vehicle ecosystem, as one of the key management factors. By monitoring the charging network, it is possible to independently manage the power and its distribution and obtain real time reports on charging behavior and data on vehicle models. Internet of Things usage enables charge point operators to remotely monitor and manage operations and quickly resolve issues by presenting real-time insights into usage and device performance, including charger availability, fault monitoring, and troubleshooting – all of which help enormously when it comes to predictive maintenance and reducing downtime. In conclusion are identified the new benefits of Internet of Things integration of the electric vehicle infrastructure.
Analysis of the digital null-seeker architecture's steady-state error for GNSS receivers
In this paper, the architecture of closed-loop synchronizers is studied. For a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver, the fine estimation of the code delay and Doppler frequency is generally performed by two concatenated null-seekers, the PLL (Phase Lock Loop), and the DLL (Delay Lock Loop). The null-seeker is implemented, tested and analyzed in a software receiver. The noise equivalent bandwidth, integration time and different incoming signal structures are considered for testing and performance evaluation. Different tests have been performed by changing the input signal from a step unit function to a ramp signal and finally to a parabolic shaped signal. The noise-free steady state value of estimation error is evaluated. The type of loop filter defines the tracking capability of the loop. The estimation error must quickly reach zero for a certain input model and any initial error, in the absence of noise.
Practical QoS measurement and analyzes on a 5G non-standalone architecture
Fifth Generation (5G) networks are becoming the standard in the global telecommunications industry and are becoming a permanent part of everyday life. As mobile network operators have commenced to publicize the implementations of their 5G networks, measurements are not frequently used to demonstrate the actual aspects of these networks' capabilities.This article presents an actual 5G architecture based on the 5G Option 3x reference model, together with findings from Quality of Service (QoS) testing. The outcomes are compared to our actual hands-on measurements of the 4G network in addition to being compared to the expectations for the 5G network. Based on examination of the 5G testbed results, 5G performed much better than 4G in all fundamental QoS, including up- and downlink throughput, latency, packet error rate and jitter. Additionally, practical measurement results on this non-standalone 5G architecture demonstrate that latency and jitter are not greatly impacted by the load on the cell or the core network provided traffic preferences are set up correctly. The study of QoS and a first performance assessment of 5G, along with the identification of application-level performance concerns, are the paper's main conclusions. These results underline the necessity of validating and testing generic 5G services and applications through fair benchmarking approaches.
Engineering geological appraisal of relative stability of Akure – Ondo Highway segment of F-209, Southwestern Nigeria: Post-Construction analysis
The study examined the relative stability of Akure – Ondo which is a segment of F-209 Highway in Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria using geoengineering method. Investigation showed that the pavement is founded on sandy clay, sand and laterite. The average silica-sesquioxide ratio of the sample is 1.63 (lateritic soil type) with activity of 0.69 (inactive clay), while the clay mineralogy group is illite, and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is 12%. Thus, the thickness of the pavement should range from 325 mm (good segment) to 518 mm (for weak segment), which is far above the 192 – 316 mm existing thickness of the highway structure. In the upper 1.0 m, the subgrade structural number (SNG) coefficient for subgrade soil is higher than 0.5. The strength coefficient of the soil as subbase and base is less than 0.5. Therefore, based on these results, It can be concluded that the relative stability of the highway is due to its good engineering properties. The regression models of all parameters gave strong positive correlations for all the parameters correlated: soaked CBR and in-situ CBR, elasticity modulus and resilient modulus, in-situ CBR and resilient modulus, relative density and penetrative index, and relative density and in-situ CBR. However imminent failure is expected due to deficit in the design thickness and lack of drainage facility at the shoulders of the highway. The haulage activities along the highway have increased tremendous of recent; definitely it will affect the stability of the structure since its design-thickness will not sustain the present loadings on the highway in the long run.